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<title>Siddhaṃ script</title>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Siddham script<br><div style="font-weight:normal"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span><br><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237544205">

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</style><span class="script-siddham">𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">The word <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> in Siddhaṃ script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 6th century</span><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 CE</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a><sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Siddham script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data">

<ul><li><a href="Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari</a><sup id="cite_ref-daniels_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniels-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-masica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi script</a><sup id="cite_ref-masica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a><sup id="cite_ref-masica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Vessali script</li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-masica_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-daniels_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniels-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a>, <a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">Sidd</span> <span class="monospaced">(302)</span>, Siddham, Siddhaṃ, Siddhamātṛkā</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Siddham</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11580.pdf">U+11580–U+115FF</a><br>

<p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12234r-n4294-siddham.pdf">Final Accepted Script Proposal</a><br>

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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13110r-n4407.pdf">Variant Forms</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

The <a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>

<ul><li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kamarupi_script" title="Kamarupi script">Kamarupi</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a>

<ul><li>Marchung</li>

<li>Pungs-chen</li>

<li>Pungs-chung</li>

<li>Drusha</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup>

<ul><li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a>

<ul><li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Pwo_alphabet" title="Western Pwo alphabet">Western Pwo Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i>

<li><a href="Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li>

<li><a href="Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p><b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhāṃ</i></span></b> (also known as <b>Kutila</b><sup id="cite_ref-masica_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic script</a> used in India from the 6th century to the 13th century. Also known in its later evolved form as <b>Siddhamātṛkā,</b> Siddham is a medieval <a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, derived from the <a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a> and ancestral to the <a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a>, <a href="Eastern_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nagari">Eastern Nagari</a>, <a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a>, <a href="Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> and <a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Siddham script was widely used by Indian Buddhists and still remains in use by <a href="East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhists</a>, especially for writing <a href="Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, <a href="B%C4%ABjamantra" title="Bījamantra">seed syllables</a>, and <a href="Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The word <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> means "accomplished", "completed" or "perfected" in <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. The script received its name from the practice of writing <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span></i>, or <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ astu</i></span></i> ('may there be perfection'), at the head of documents. Other names for the script include <i>bonji</i> (<a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">梵字</span>) "<a href="Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>'s characters" and "Sanskrit script" and <a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">悉曇文字</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xītán wénzi</span></i> "Siddhaṃ script".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddham</i></span> script evolved from the Gupta Brahmi script in the late 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many <a href="Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> taken to China along the <a href="Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> were written using a version of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> script. This continued to evolve, and minor variations are seen across time, and in different regions. Importantly, it was used for transmitting the Buddhist <a href="Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a> texts. At the time it was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led to the retention of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> script in East Asia. The practice of writing using <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> survived in East Asia where <a href="Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> persisted.

</p><p><a href="K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> introduced the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with <a href="Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>-trained monks including one known as Prajñā (<a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">般若三藏</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bōrě Sāncáng</span></i>; 734–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 810</span>). By the time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India had been closed by the expanding <a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a <a href="Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">series of purges</a> of "foreign religions", thus cutting Japan off from the sources of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> texts. In time, other scripts, particularly <a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, replaced <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> in India, while <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span>'s northeastern derivative called <a href="Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> evolved to become the <a href="Eastern_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nagari">Eastern Nagari</a>, <a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a>, <a href="Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> and also the <a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> scripts in the eastern and <a href="Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern</a> regions of <a href="South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-salomon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving East Asia as the only region where <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> is still used.

</p><p>There were special forms of Siddhaṃ used in Korea that varied significantly from those used in China and Japan, and there is evidence that Siddhaṃ was written in <a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, as well, by the early 7th century.

</p><p>As was done with Chinese characters, Japanese Buddhist scholars sometimes created multiple characters with the same phonological value to add meaning to Siddhaṃ characters. This practice, in effect, represents a 'blend' of the Chinese style of writing and the Indian style of writing and allows Sanskrit texts in Siddhaṃ to be differentially interpreted as they are read, as was done with Chinese characters that the Japanese had adopted. This led to multiple variants of the same characters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> is an <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> rather than an <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, as each character indicates a syllable, including a consonant and (possibly) a vowel. If the vowel sound is not explicitly indicated, the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks are used to indicate other vowels, as well as the <a href="Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> and <a href="Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a>. A <a href="Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> can be used to indicate that the consonant letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.

</p><p>Siddhaṃ texts were usually written from left to right then top to bottom, as with other Brahmic scripts, but occasionally they were written in the traditional Chinese style, from top to bottom then right to left. Bilingual Siddhaṃ-Japanese texts show the manuscript turned 90 degrees clockwise and the Japanese is written from top to bottom, as is typical of Japanese, and then the manuscript is turned back again, and the Siddhaṃ writing is continued from left to right (the resulting Japanese characters appear sideways).

</p><p>Over time, additional markings were developed, including punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures to combine conjuncts and rarely to combine syllables, and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The <i><a href="Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></i> is also used in some modern Siddhaṃ texts.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div>

<th>Independent form

</th>

<th>Bound form on <span class="nowrap">⟨𑖎𑖿𑖧⟩</span>

</th>

<th>Independent form

</th>

<th>Bound form on <span class="nowrap">⟨𑖎𑖿𑖧⟩</span>

</th></tr>

<tr>

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</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<caption>Alternative forms

</caption>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<th>Independent form

</th>

<th>Bound form on <span class="nowrap">⟨𑖎𑖿𑖧⟩</span>

</th>

<th>Independent form

</th>

<th>Bound form on <span class="nowrap">⟨𑖎𑖿𑖧⟩</span>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

</th>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th style="font-size:80%"><a href="Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a>

</th>

<th style="font-size:80%"><a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a>

</th>

<th style="font-size:80%"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a>

</th>

<th style="font-size:80%"><a href="Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy voiced</a>

</th>

<th style="font-size:80%"><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

</th>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<caption>Conjuncts in alphabet

</caption>

</td>

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<caption>Alternative forms

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjuncts">Conjuncts</h3></div>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdots }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./e1d67495288eac0fa90d5bbcad7d9a343c15ad56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.439ex; margin-bottom: -0.61ex; width:2.723ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cdots }" loading="lazy"></span>kṣ</th>

<th>-na

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<tr>

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<tr>

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</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdots }</annotation>

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<tr>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vdots }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./f8039d9feb6596ae092e5305108722975060c083.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vdots }" loading="lazy"></span>    total 68 rows.

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<ul><li>↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table.</li></ul>

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<td><span class="script-siddham">𑖒𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖨</span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṅktra</i></span>

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<td><span class="script-siddham">𑖨𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖭𑖿𑖡</span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rtsna</i></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td><span class="script-siddham">𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖿𑖦</span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rkṣma</i></span>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<td><span class="script-siddham">𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖿𑖪𑖿𑖧</span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rkṣvya</i></span>

</td>

<td><span class="script-siddham">𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖿𑖪𑖿𑖨𑖿𑖧</span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rkṣvrya</i></span>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td><span class="script-siddham">𑖘𑖿𑖬𑖿𑖔𑖿𑖨</span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭṣchra</i></span>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdots }</annotation>

</semantics>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Alternative forms of conjuncts that contain <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṇ</i></span>.</dd></dl>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ṛ_syllables">ṛ syllables</h4></div>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdots }</annotation>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Some_sample_syllables">Some sample syllables</h4></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the writing of <a href="Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> and copying/reading of <a href="Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> using the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> script is still practiced in the esoteric schools of <a href="Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a> and <a href="Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> as well as in the syncretic sect of <a href="Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a>. The characters are known as <i>Bonji</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">梵字</span></span>; Chinese: <i>Fànzì</i>)</span> or <i>shittan</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">悉曇</span></span>)</span>. The <a href="Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> version of the <a href="Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a> preserves the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> characters for most mantras, and Korean Buddhists still write <a href="B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">bījas</a> in a modified form of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span>. A recent innovation is the writing of Japanese language slogans on T-shirts using Bonji. Japanese <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> has evolved from the original script used to write sūtras and is now somewhat different from the ancient script.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is typical to see <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> written with a brush, as with Chinese writing; it is also written with a bamboo pen. In Japan, a special brush called a <i>bokuhitsu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">朴筆</span></span>; Cantonese: <i>pokbat</i>)</span> is used for formal <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> calligraphy. The informal style is known as "fude"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">筆</span></span>; Cantonese: "moubat")</span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siddhaṃ_fonts">Siddhaṃ fonts</h2></div>

<p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> is still largely a hand written script. Some efforts have been made to create computer fonts, though to date none of these are capable of reproducing all of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> conjunct consonants. Notably, the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Texts Association has created a <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> font for their electronic version of the Taisho <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tripiṭaka</i></span>, though this does not contain all possible conjuncts. The software <a href="Mojikyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojikyo">Mojikyo</a> also contains fonts for Siddhaṃ, but split Siddhaṃ in different blocks and requires multiple fonts to render a single document.

</p><p>A <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siddhaṃ</i></span> input system which relies on the CBETA font Siddhamkey 3.0 has been produced.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Siddham_(Unicode_block)" title="Siddham (Unicode block)">Siddham (Unicode block)</a></div>

<p>Siddhaṃ script was added to the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

</p><p>The Unicode block for Siddhaṃ is U+11580–U+115FF:

</p>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="Siddham_(Unicode_block)" title="Siddham (Unicode block)">Siddham</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">

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</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11580_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U11580_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11580_grey"><a href="#endnote_U11580_grey">[2]</a></sup><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11580.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)

</td></tr>

<td style="width:20pt">F

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1158x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1159x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115Ax

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115Bx

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115Cx

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115Dx

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115Ex

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115Fx

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<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b>

<dl><dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11580_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U11580_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11580_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U11580_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><br>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<p>This is a gallery of example usages of the Siddham script.

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">A reproduction of the <a href="Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a>-leaf manuscript in <a href="Siddham_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddham script">Siddham script</a>, originally held at <a href="H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a> Temple, Japan; now located in the Tokyo National Museum at the Gallery of Hōryū—ji Treasure. The original copy may be the earliest extant Sanskrit manuscript of the <i><a href="Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a></i> dated to the 7th–8th century CE. It also contains the Sanskrit text of the <i><a href="U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a></i> and the final line shows the Siddhaṃ abugida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEe-museum2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEe-museum2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Pratisara mantra, from the <a href="Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>. 927 CE</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Mahāpratyaṅgirā mantra. 971 CE</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Siddhaṃ Bijakshara A, <a href="Daish%C5%8D-in" title="Daishō-in">Daishō-in</a>, <a href="Itsukushima" title="Itsukushima">Miyajima</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Mirror with bijaksharas, <a href="Itsukushima" title="Itsukushima">Miyajima</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A stone inscription of the Buddhist <a href="U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a> at <a href="Asakusa_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Asakusa Temple">Asakusa Temple</a> in Tokyo using Siddham script.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Siddhaṃ alphabet by <a href="K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (774–835)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A Buddhist altar in Kawasaki, Japan showing a devotional mantra inscribed in Siddham to <a href="Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni">Shakyamuni</a> Buddha with Japanese pronunciation guide</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Shorter_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra</a> written in <a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>, Siddhaṃ scripts and <a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>. This book was published in 1773 in Japan.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its usage survives into the modern period for liturgical purposes in Japan and Korea.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>. Delhi: Pearson. p. 43. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788131716779</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-archive.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41">https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41</a> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-books.google.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMalatesha_JoshiMcBride2019" class="citation book cs1">Malatesha Joshi, R.; McBride, Catherine (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ecDwAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Literacy+in+Akshara+Orthography%2C+R.+Malatesha+Joshi%2C+Catherine+McBride%282019%29%2Cp27"><i>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography</i></a>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783030059774</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-daniels-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daniels_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daniels_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, P.T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages".</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-masica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-masica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-masica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-masica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-masica_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-masica_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin (1993). <i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i>. p. 143.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge language family series. London: Routledge. p. 109. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7007-1130-9</bdi>. <q>In the northeast, meanwhile separately evolved into a form referred to as 'proto-Bengali' or Gaudī, which prevailed until the fourteenth century, by which time it had begun to be differentiated into the modern eastern scripts, Bangla-Asamiya, Maithilī and Oriya.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p. 27.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php">"Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic"</a>. <i>www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4QAAAAMAAJ&q=siddham+script+maithili">"Devanagari: Development, Amplification, and Standardisation"</a>. Central Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Govt. of India. 3 April 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRajanSharma2012" class="citation web cs1">Rajan, Vinodh; Sharma, Shriramana (2012-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12221-siddham-naming.pdf">"L2/12-221: Comments on naming the "Siddham" encoding"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar. <i>Sanskrit in China and Japan</i>. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2012" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (2012-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12234r-n4294-siddham.pdf">"N4294: Proposal to Encode the Siddham Script in ISO/IEC 10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-salomon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salomon_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&q=indian+epigraphy+salomon"><i>Indian Epigraphy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKawabataSuzukiNagasakiShimoda2013" class="citation web cs1">Kawabata, Taichi; Suzuki, Toshiya; Nagasaki, Kiyonori; Shimoda, Masahiro (2013-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13110r-n4407.pdf">"N4407R: Proposal to Encode Variants for Siddham Script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SM Dine, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/20584/Dine_washington_0250O_10572.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Sanskrit Beyond Text: The Use of Bonji (Siddham) in Mandala and Other Imagery in Ancient and Medieval Japan</a>, <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visiblemantra.org/siddham.html">Siddhaṃ : the perfect script</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism-guide.com/buddhism/shingon.htm">Buddhism guide: Shingon</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEe-museum2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEe-museum2018_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFe-museum2018">e-museum 2018</a>   Ink on pattra (palmyra leaves used for writing upon) ink on paper Heart Sutra: 4.9x28.0 Dharani: 4.9x27.9/10.0x28.3 Late Gupta period/7–8th century Tokyo National Museum N-8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFe-museum2018 (help)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<ul><li><i>Bonji Taikan</i> (梵字大鑑). (Tōkyō: Meicho Fukyūkai, 1983)</li>

<li>Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003111835/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp088_siddham_china_japan.pdf">Siddham in China and Japan</a>, Sino-Platonic papers No. 88</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFe-Museum2025" class="citation cs2">e-Museum, National Treasures & Important Cultural Properties of National Museums, Japan (2025), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/detail?langId=en&content_base_id=100625">"Sanskrit Version of Heart Sutra and Viyaya Dharani"</a>, <i>e-Museum</i></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></li>

<li>Stevens, John. <i>Sacred Calligraphy of the East</i>. (Boston, MA: Shambala, 1995.)</li>

<li>Van Gulik, R.H. <i>Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan</i> (New Delhi, Jayyed Press, 1981).</li>

<li>Yamasaki, Taikō. <i>Shingon: Japanese Esoteric Buddhism</i>. (Fresno: Shingon Buddhist International Institute, 1988.)</li>

<li>Chandra, Lokesh (1965) <i>Sanskrit bījas and mantras in Japan</i>, New Delhi , International Academy of Indian Culture, BQ5125.B5 A75 1965</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siddham_script" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Siddham script">Siddham script</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li>Fonts:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-fonts/tree/master/hinted/ttf/NotoSansSiddham">Noto Sans Siddham</a> from the <a href="Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto fonts</a> project</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mihafont.seesaa.net/category/8954752-1.html">Muktamsiddham—Free Unicode Siddham font</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azahuse.web.fc2.com/sansc.html">ApDevaSiddham</a>—(Japanese) Free Unicode 8.0 Siddham Font (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siddham.shikisokuzekuu.net/">mirror</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/siddham.htm">Siddham alphabet on Omniglot</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siddham.org/yuan_english/mantra/main_mantra.html">Examples of Siddham mantras</a> Chinese language website.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visiblemantra.org">Visible Mantra</a> an extensive collection of mantras and some sūtras in Siddhaṃ script</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331082836/http://www.mandalar.com/DisplayJ/Bonji/index.html">Bonji Siddham</a> Character and Pronunciation</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104215817/http://my.opera.com/siddham/blog">SiddhamKey</a> Software for inputting Siddham characters</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>